How to Use Russian Cardinal Numbers Correctly
Struggling with forms like две собаки, два стола and пять столов? This article explains Russian cardinal numbers in simple English with examples, stress marks, and essential noun agreement rules.
Russian cardinal numbers are numbers that show quantity: one, two, five, ten, twenty. In Russian, they answer the question ско́лько? (“how many?”).
Most Russian cardinal numbers do not change for gender. The main exceptions are:
- one: оди́н for masculine, одна́ for feminine, одно́ for neuter
- two: два for masculine and neuter, две for feminine
List of Russian cardinal numbers with stress marks:
- 0 — ноль
- 1 — оди́н / одна́ / одно́
- 2 — два / две
- 3 — три
- 4 — четы́ре
- 5 — пять
- 6 — шесть
- 7 — семь
- 8 — во́семь
- 9 — де́вять
- 10 — де́сять
- 11 — оди́ннадцать
- 12 — двена́дцать
- 13 — трина́дцать
- 14 — четы́рнадцать
- 15 — пятна́дцать
- 16 — шестна́дцать
- 17 — семна́дцать
- 18 — восемна́дцать
- 19 — девятна́дцать
- 20 — два́дцать
- 30 — три́дцать
- 40 — со́рок
- 50 — пятьдеся́т
- 60 — шестьдеся́т
- 70 — се́мьдесят
- 80 — во́семьдесят
- 90 — девяно́сто
- 100 — сто
- 200 — две́сти
- 300 — три́ста
- 400 — четы́реста
- 500 — пятьсо́т
- 600 — шестьсо́т
- 700 — семьсо́т
- 800 — восемьсо́т
- 900 — девятьсо́т
- 1000 — (одна́ ) ты́сяча
- 1 000 000 — (оди́н) миллио́н
How larger numbers are formed
Russian builds large numbers from biggest to smallest value, just like English:
thousands → hundreds → tens → ones
And usually there is no word like “and” inside the number.
- 21 = 20 + 1 → два́дцать оди́н
- 35 = 30 + 5 → три́дцать пять
- 108 = 100 + 8 → сто во́семь
- 256 = 200 + 50 + 6 → две́сти пятьдеся́т шесть
- 1342 = 1000 + 300 + 40 + 2 → (одна́) ты́сяча три́ста со́рок два
Once cardinal numbers feel comfortable, the natural next step is learning to say dates and years — which use their ordinal cousins: How to Say Dates in Russian.
Agreement of Russian Cardinal Numbers with Nouns
One of the most important things to learn about Russian cardinal numbers is that they affect the form of the noun that follows them. In English, we simply say one table, two tables, five tables. In Russian, the noun changes according to the number.
After 1, the noun is used in the nominative singular (basic form):
- оди́н стол — one table
- одна́ кни́га — one book
- одно́ окно́ — one window
After 2, 3, and 4, the noun takes the genitive singular:
- два стола́ — two tables
- три кни́ги — three books
- четы́ре окна́ — four windows
After 5 and higher, the noun takes the genitive plural:
- пять столо́в — five tables
- де́сять книг — ten books
- два́дцать о́кон — twenty windows
The same rule applies to larger compound numbers, but here you need to look at the last part of the number:
- два́дцать оди́н стол — twenty-one tables
- два́дцать два стола́ — twenty-two tables
- два́дцать пять столо́в — twenty-five tables
So the general pattern is:
- numbers ending in 1 → nominative singular
- numbers ending in 2, 3, 4 → genitive singular
- numbers ending in 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 → genitive plural
However, there is one important exception: 11, 12, 13, and 14 always take the genitive plural, even though they end in 1, 2, 3, and 4:
- оди́ннадцать столо́в — eleven tables
- двена́дцать столо́в — twelve tables
- трина́дцать столо́в — thirteen tables
- четы́рнадцать столо́в — fourteen tables
To learn how to form the genitive case of nouns, see Genitive Case: Basics - Nouns and Personal Pronouns. There you will also find exercises to practice the genitive case with numbers.
Understanding this pattern is essential for using Russian numbers correctly in everyday speech.
Write the number in words and put the noun in the correct form.
Remember: if the last digit is 1, use the nominative singular; if the last digit is 2, 3, or 4, use the genitive singular; if the last digit is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 0, use the genitive plural. Numbers from 11 to 14 also take the genitive plural.
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